Viruses – like COVID-19 – are viruses, while bacteria are bacteria. We have long thought that they have nothing to do with each other, even though a viral infection can weaken the body and allow bacteria to attack the body as well.
While both can cause disease, viruses are not living organisms, whereas bacteria are. Viruses are only active within host cells which they need to reproduce, while bacteria are single-celled organisms that produce their own energy and can reproduce on their own.
Bacteria are huge compared to viruses, and the two types of pathogens differ in how they cause infection. Systemic diseases caused by viral infection include influenza, measles, polio, AIDS, and COVID-19. Pathogenic bacteria can cause pneumonia, tetanus, tuberculosis, food poisoning and more.
But now, scientists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot have discovered an interesting and important connection between the two: Virus-fighting viperins, part of the human immune system, turn out to have bacterial counterparts that could boost the fight against human disease. These substances are made by viperins, which were previously known to exist only in mammals and have now been found in bacteria.
By tracking the evolution of what may be our oldest means of fighting off viral infection, the team has uncovered a gold mine of antiviral substances that may lead to the development of highly effective antiviral drugs.
The molecules produced by the bacterial viperins are currently undergoing testing against human viruses such as the influenza virus and COVID-19. The important study has just been published today in the prestigious journal Nature.
Studies conducted over the past decade by Prof. Rotem Sorek and his group in the institute’s molecular genetics department, as well as those by other scientists, have revealed that bacteria have highly sophisticated immune systems, despite their microscopic size. In particular, they are equipped to fight off phages – viruses that infect bacteria.
These differ from the kind that infect humans in their choice of targets, but they all consist of genetic material – DNA or RNA – that hijacks parts of the host’s replication machinery to make copies of themselves and spread.
Sorek has found that some of these bacterial immune responses suggest evolutionary links to our own immune systems, and the present study in his lab shows the strongest evidence yet: They discovered that viperin antiviral enzymes – whose function in the human immune system was understood only two years ago – play a role in the immune system of bacteria.
In humans, viperin belongs to the innate immune system, the oldest part of the immune system in terms of evolution. It is produced when a signaling substance called interferon alerts the immune system to the presence of pathogenic viruses. The viperin then releases a special molecule that is able to act against a broad range of viruses with one simple rule: The molecule “mimics” nucleotides, bits of genetic material needed to replicate their genomes.
But the viperin molecule is fake – it is missing a vital piece that makes it possible for the next nucleotide in the growing strand to attach. Once the faux-nucleotide is inserted into the replicating viral genome, replication comes to a halt and the virus dies. This simplicity and broad action against many different viruses suggested viperins had been around for some time, but could they go back as far as our common ancestors with bacteria?
Led by former postdoctoral fellow Dr. Aude Bernheim in Sorek’s lab, the group used techniques that had been developed in his lab to detect bacterial sequences encoding possible viperins. They then showed that these viperins did, indeed, protect bacteria against phage infection.
“Whereas the human viperin produces a single kind of antiviral molecule, we found that the bacterial ones generate a surprising variety of molecules, each of which can potentially serve as a new antiviral drug,” noted Sorek.
Based on the genetic sequences, Sorek and his team were able to trace the evolutionary history of viperins: “We found that this important component of our own antiviral immune system originated in the bacterial defense against viruses that infect them,” continued Sorek.
If the bacterial viperins prove effective against human viruses, Sorek thinks it may pave the way for the discovery of further molecules generated by bacterial immune systems that could be adopted as antiviral drugs for human diseases.
“As we did decades ago with antibiotics – antibacterial substances that were first discovered in fungi and bacteria – we might learn how to identify and adopt the antiviral strategies of organisms that have been fighting infection for hundreds of millions of years.”
The current study was conducted in collaboration with researchers from Pantheon Biosciences, which has licensed the rights through Yeda Research and Development, the technology transfer arm of the Weizmann Institute of Science, to develop anti-viral drugs based on the findings. Further studies are underway to determine which of the bacterial viperins could be best adapted to fighting human viruses, including, of course, COVID-19.
